Cost of living for a family of four

How family budgets are modelled

We start from the published single-person basket for each city — rent for a one-bedroom, groceries, a transport pass, utilities, eating out and internet — then apply household factors: a larger flat, a bigger shop, more passes, higher bills, and a childcare and schooling allowance for households with children. Income tax, health insurance and private-school fees are excluded because they depend on nationality and contract.

Read the full methodology